Á¸°æÇÏ´Â ÀÇÀå´Ô, ±×¸®°í
Âü¼®ÀÚ ¿©·¯ºÐ,
¿À´Ã Àú´Â ¡°20¼¼±â
Áú¼ÀÇ Á¾¸»°ú ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀü·«¡±À̶ó´Â ÁÖÁ¦·Î ¸»¾¸µå¸®°íÀÚ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ½Ã´ë ±¸ºÐ¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱Ⱑ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, º¯ÈÇÏ´Â ¼¼°è Áú¼ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°¡
¾î¶°ÇÑ Àü·«À¸·Î ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ¼³°èÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®¿¡¼ Ãâ¹ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
1. ¿Ö 20¼¼±â Áú¼ÀÇ Á¾¸»Àΰ¡?
20¼¼±âÀÇ Á¾¸»Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿¬´ë±âÀÇ ³¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Á¤Ä¡Àû,
°æÁ¦Àû, ±×¸®°í À̳äÀû Áú¼ÀÇ ÇØÃ¼¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â
20¼¼±â°¡ ´ë°øÈ²±â¿¡¼ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© 2Â÷ ´ëÀü Á÷ÈÄ ¹Ì±¹ ÁÖµµÀÇ
¼¼°è°¡ È®¸³µÈ ½Ã±â¿¡ ºñ·Î¼Ò ±× ƲÀÌ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¹°·Ð ±× ÀÌÈÄ 40¿© ³â µ¿¾È ¼¼°èÀÇ Àý¹ÝÀÌ °ø»ê±ÇÀÎ ³ÃÀü ½Ã±â°¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ 1990³â
°ø»ê±Ç ¸ô¶ôÀ¸·Î ¼±¸ ÁÖµµÀÇ ¼¼°èÁú¼¸¦ 20¼¼±âÀÇ Áú¼·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çϴµ¥ ¹«¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¸é 20¼¼±â¸¦ Ư¡Áþ´Â ¼¼°èÁú¼´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡, ±×°ÍÀº ¡°±ÔÄ¢±â¹ÝÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ¼¼°èÁú¼¡±ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ ½Ã±â ¿ì¸®´Â UN,
IMF, ±×¸®°í GATT/WTO üÁ¦¸¦ ¼¼°è Áú¼·Î º¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ¹«¿ªÅõÀÚ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§ ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï³ª, ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÀ¸·Î
°¡´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î »ï´Â »ç°í ü°è¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±¹Á¦ºÐÀïµµ ´ÙÀÚÀÇ Æ²ÀÎ UN¿¡¼
ÇØ°áµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç°í ü°è¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±¹Á¦ÅëÈ ¹× ±ÝÀ¶ ü°èµµ ´Þ·¯¸¦ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ±âÃàÅëÈ·Î »ï°í ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
¹«¿ª¼öÁö ÀûÀÚ¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î Àü ¼¼°è°¡ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ½ÃÀåÀÇ È®´ë¸¦ ´ãº¸ÇÏ´Â °øµ¿¹ø¿µÀÇ Áú¼¸¦ ¿ëÀÎ ¶Ç´Â ¼þ»óÇϴ ü°è¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
Æ®·³ÇÁ ÇàÁ¤ºÎ 2±â¸¦
¸ÂÀÌÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç°í ü°è°¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Èçµé¸®´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 20¼¼±â Áú¼´Â
¹«³ÊÁö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
20¼¼±â Á¾¸»ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀº 2008³â ±Û·Î¹ú°æÁ¦À§±â¿¡¼ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù°í º¾´Ï´Ù. Áö³ 17³â°£ÀÇ È¥¶õ°ú ¸öºÎ¸² ¼Ó¿¡¼ 20¼¼±â Áú¼´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ±× »ý¸íÀ» ´ÙÇß´Ù°í º¾´Ï´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ Æ®·³ÇÁ
ÇàÁ¤ºÎ´Â ½º½º·Î°¡ ¸¸µé¾î ³õÀº Áú¼¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î Áú¼·Î °Åħ¾øÀÌ ³ª¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÀÚÀû Á¢±Ù¹æ¾ÈÀ»
°ÅºÎÇϰí, ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹«¿ª¼öÁö ÀûÀÚ´Â »ó´ë±¹, ƯÈ÷ ¿ì¹æ±¹ÀÌ
¹Ì±¹À» ¼Ó¿©¼ ¹þ°Ü¸ÔÀº(rip off) °á°ú¶ó°í º¸°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. º¸È£ÁÖÀÇ¿Í
ÀÚ±¹ÀÇ ´Ü±âÀû ÀÌÀÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °æÁ¦¾Èº¸°¡ ȾÇàÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±× Á߽ɿ¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌÁ¦ ¼¼°è°æÁ¦´Â À¯¿¬ÇÏÁö¸¸ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀÌ Áö±ØÈ÷ ³ôÀº ´Ù±Ø
üÁ¦·Î ÀüȯµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´Â ÀÌ Àüȯ±â¿¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ½Ä¹ÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ À¯»ê,
°æÁ¦Àû Á¾¼Ó, ±×¸®°í ¿ÜºÎ ÁÖµµÀÇ °³¹ß ¸ðÇü¿¡ ¾ô¸Å¿© ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
1990³â´ë ÀÌÈÄ ¼¼°èÈ¿Í ½ÅÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ´Â »õ·Î¿î ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇϱ⵵ ÇßÁö¸¸, µ¿½Ã¿¡
±¹°¡ °£ ºÒÆòµîÀ» ±¸Á¶ÈÇϰí, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ ÀÚÀ²¼ºÀ» Á¦¾àÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ¹æ½ÄÀÇ Áö¹è ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³Â½À´Ï´Ù. ¼¼°è °æÁ¦¿¡ °·ÂÇÑ °æÁ¦·Â°ú ±â¼ú·Â, ±×¸®°í ƯÀ¯ÀÇ ¹ßÀü¸ðÇüÀ¸·Î
¹«ÀåÇÑ Áß±¹ÀÇ µîÀåÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î Å« µµÀüÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 20¼¼±â Áú¼ÀÇ Á¾¸»Àº
°ð ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°¡ »õ·Î¿î ¼ºÀåÀü·«À» ¸ð»öÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ伺À» Àý¹ÚÇÏ°Ô Ãß±¸ÇØ¾ß Çϵµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
2. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ ±¸Á¶Àû µµÀüµé
20¼¼±â Áú¼°¡ ¹«³ÊÁö¸é¼ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ÇØ°áµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ±¸Á¶Àû Á¦¾à°ú »õ·Ó°Ô ºÎ°úµÇ´Â Á¦¾à¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ù°, ½Ä¹Î Áö¹è ½Ã±â¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ °æ°è¿Í Á¤Ä¡ ±¸Á¶´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ »çȸ
ÅëÇÕ°ú ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ±¹°¡ °Ç¼³¿¡ Àå¾Ö¹°·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ³»Àü°ú Áö¿ªºÐÀï, ³¹ÎÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÇØ°áµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. µÑ°, °æÁ¦ Ãø¸é¿¡¼´Â ¿øÀÚÀç Áß½ÉÀÇ ¼öÃâ ±¸Á¶¿Í ³·Àº Á¦Á¶¾÷ ºñÁßÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì ±Û·Î¹ú °¡Ä¡»ç½½ÀÇ ÇÏ´Ü¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯
ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ Á¾ÀÌÄŰú ±¹±âºÎÅÍ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Ã·´ÜÁ¦Ç°±îÁö ¸ðµÎ ÃÖ°í¼öÁØÀ¸·Î »ý»êÇÏ´Â »ç»óÃÊÀ¯ÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ
°æÁ¦±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Áø Áß±¹ÀÇ µîÀåÀº, ÀúÀÓ±ÝÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¼öÃâÁÖµµÀÇ ¼ºÀåüÁ¦¸¦ ÅÃÇ϶ó´Â °³¹ßÀü·«À» ¹«»öÇϰÔ
Çϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼Â°, ¹Ì±¹ ÁÖµµÀÇ º¸È£ÁÖÀÇüÁ¦´Â ½ÃÀåÀÇ
Ãß°¡ÀûÀΠâÃâÀ» Á¦¾àÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¼ºÀåÀü·«ÀÇ ´ë»óÀ» Èçµé°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ³Ý°, ±¹Á¦ °³¹ßÇù·ÂÀº Á¾Á¾ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ ¡®¼öÇýÀÚ¡¯·Î °íÁ¤Çϸç, ÁÖüÀûÀÎ Àü·« ¼ö¸³À» ¾î·Æ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ±âÈÄ À§±â¿Í ºü¸¥ µðÁöÅÐ Àüȯ, ±×¸®°í û³â Àα¸ÀÇ ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ Áõ°¡´Â °æÁ¦¡¤»çȸ Àü¹Ý¿¡ °ÉÃÄ º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ
µµÀüÀ» ¾ß±âÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
3. »õ·Î¿î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¼ºÀåÀü·«ÀÇ ¹æÇâ
ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â °ú°ÅÀÇ ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª »õ·Î¿î Àü·«À» ±¸»óÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö Àü·« ¹æÇâÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϰíÀÚ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
ù°, Áö¿ª ÅëÇÕÀÇ °ÈÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
½Ä¹ÎÁö À¯»ê°ú ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ¿©·¯ ³Á¦´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ±¹°¡Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ»
Çü¼ºÇϴµ¥ Àå¾Ö°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀº °³º° ±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» °ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
Áö¿ªÅëÇÕÀ» °ÈÇÏ¿© °³º° ±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¾àȽÃ۰í Ãʱ¹°¡Àû °æÁ¦´ÜÀ§¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Áö¿ªÅëÇÕÀº
³»Àü°ú Áö¿ªºÐÀïÀ» ±Øº¹ÇÏ°í ÆòÈ¿Í ¹ø¿µÀ» À§ÇÑ Áö¸§±æÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ë·úÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÁö´ë(AfCFTA)´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÑ
½ÃÀå ÅëÇÕÀ» ³Ñ¾î, »ê¾÷ Ŭ·¯½ºÅ͸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ°í °øµ¿ÀÇ °¡Ä¡»ç½½À» ±¸ÃàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ±âȸÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ª³» ¹«¿ª°ú »ê¾÷ ¿¬°è¸¦ °ÈÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿ÜºÎ Ãæ°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¸º¹·ÂÀ» ³ôÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
µÑ°, »ê¾÷È 2.0ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Àú´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¿©·¯ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ ½ÃÀå¿¡ »ê´õ¹Ì°°ÀÌ ½×¿© ÀÖ´Â Áß±¹
¹× µ¿³²¾Æ»ê Á¦Ç°µéÀ» º¸¾Æ ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù. ºü¸¥ ±â¼úµµÀÔ°ú È¿À²ÀûÀÎ À¯Åë¸ÁÀÇ ±¸¼º, ³ëµ¿·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÎøÇÑ Àç±³À°À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀϺΠ»ê¾÷¿¡¼¶óµµ Áß±¹ ¹× µ¿³²¾Æ »ê¾÷À» ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â °æÀï·ÂÀ» °®µµ·Ï ³ë·ÂÇØ¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
±×¸®°í, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Á¦Á¶¾÷À°¼ºÀü·«À»
³Ñ¾î, µðÁöÅÐ Àüȯ°ú ³ì»ö ÀüȯÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î »ê¾÷ȸ¦ Ãß±¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ´Ü°èº° ¼ºÀåÀü·«¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ »ê¾÷ ÀüȯÀ» ±×´ë·Î µû¸£Áö ¸»°í, µðÁöÅаú
³ì»öÀüȯÀ¸·Î °ú°¨ÇÏ°Ô °Ç³Ê¶Ù¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ À¯¼±ÀüȽÃÀåÀ» ¶Ù¾î³Ñ¾î ¹«¼±ÀüÈ·Î °ðÀå °¡µíÀÌ, ³»¿¬±â°üÂ÷ÀÇ Á¦Á¶¸¦ °Ç³Ê¶Ù°í Àü±âÂ÷, ÇÏÀ̺긮µå ¶Ç´Â ¼ö¼ÒÂ÷·Î °Ç³Ê¶ÙµíÀÌ
ºñ¾àÀû »ê¾÷ ÀüȯÀ» ÀÌ·ï³»¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÄɳÄÀÇ M-Pesa ¸ð¹ÙÀÏ
¼Û±Ý ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ̳ª ¸£¿Ï´ÙÀÇ µå·Ð ±â¹Ý ¹°·ù ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÷´Ü±â¼úÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÑ Çõ½Å »ç·Ê·Î ÁÖ¸ñ¹Þ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ½º¸¶Æ®
³ó¾÷, Àç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö, ÇÉÅ×Å©¿Í °°Àº ºÐ¾ß°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ê¾÷ÈÀÇ
ÇÙ½É µ¿·ÂÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¼Â°, ¹Ì±¹¾øÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ½ÃÀå âÃâÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑÁö °í¹ÎÇϰí
À̸¦ À§ÇØ ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ª, ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµé°ú Àû±ØÀûÀÎ Çù·ÂÀ» ÀÌ·ï³»¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
°æ»óGPD·Î º» ÁÖ¿ä
±¹°¡µéÀÇ ±Ô¸ð´Â ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì ¿ì¸®¸¦ À߸øµÈ ÆÇ´ÜÀ¸·Î À̲ü´Ï´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë °æ»ó GDP·Î º¼ ¶§, ÇöÀç ¹Ì±¹À» 100À̶ó°í
ÇÑ´Ù¸é Áß±¹°ú EU´Â 60À» Á¶±Ý ³Ñ´Â ¼öÁØÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ä¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÃÖÁ¾Àç ½ÃÀå±Ô¸ð·Î º¼ ¶§, ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ
100À̶ó¸é Áß±¹Àº 1/3¿¡ ºÒ°úÇϸç, EU¿Í ºñ±³ÇØ º¼ ¶§µµ Áß±¹Àº 56% ¼öÁØ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¹Ì±¹°ú À¯·´½ÃÀåÀÌ Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¹Ì±¹½ÃÀåÀÌ °ú°Å¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ºøÀåÀ» °É¾î Àá±×°í ÀÖ¾î¼ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ°í
ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®µéÀº Æ®·³ÇÁ Á¤ºÎÀÇ °ü¼¼ Ãæ°ÝÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ïÀÌ¸é¼ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹Ì±¹¾ø´Â ¼¼°è¸¦
»óÁ¤ÇØ º¸°í, °ú¿¬ ¿ì¸®³¢¸® ¾î¶»°Ô ½ÃÀåÀ» Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î, Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î
âÃâÇÏ¿© °øµ¿¹ø¿µÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö¸¦ ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô °í¹ÎÇϰí Çൿ¿¡ ¿Å°Ü¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
³Ý°, °³¹ßÇù·Â ¸ðÇüÀ» ±â¼úÇõ½Å ¸ðÇüÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ã¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
°ú°ÅÀÇ ÀϹæÀû ¿øÁ¶ ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª, ±â¼ú°ú Áö½ÄÀ» °øµ¿À¸·Î ¼³°èÇÏ°í °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ÆÄÆ®³Ê½ÊÀÌ Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Çѱ¹, Àεµ, ºê¶óÁú µî Áß°ß±¹µé°úÀÇ Çù·ÂÀÌ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀ̸ç, ÀÌ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°¡ ÁÖµµ±ÇÀ» °®°í Àü·«Àû ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
´Ù¼¸Â°, û³â Áß½ÉÀÇ ¼ºÀå Àü·«ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Àα¸ÀÇ 60% ÀÌ»óÀÌ 25¼¼ ÀÌÇ϶ó´Â Á¡Àº µµÀüÀ̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ´ë·úµµ ´©¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¸¸ÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀÌÀÚ ±âȸÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡ óÀ½ ¹ßÀ» µðµò °ÍÀº 2001³âÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Áö³ 24³â µ¿¾È ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Àα¸ ±¸¼ºÀº Å©°Ô ¹Ù²î¾î Áö±Ý ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡
»ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀεéÀº °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ Á¦°¡ óÀ½ ¹æ¹®ÇßÀ» ¶§´Â žÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°Å³ª, ¾ÆÁÖ ¾î¸° ¼¼´ë¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾ó±¼ÀÌ ¹Ù²î¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â û³â ¼¼´ë¸¦ Ÿ°ÙÆÃÇÏ¿© À̵鿡°Ô
ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ±³À°, ½ºÅ¸Æ®¾÷ Áö¿ø, µðÁöÅÐ Ç÷§Æû ±â¹ÝÀÇ ÀÏÀÚ¸®
âÃâÀ» Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, »çȸ Àü¹ÝÀÇ ¿ªµ¿¼º°ú âÀǼºÀ» °ÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
4. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¹Ì·¡´Â ´©°¡ ¼³°èÇϴ°¡?
20¼¼±â Áú¼ÀÇ Á¾¸»Àº Á¾¼ÓÀÇ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ³¡³»´Â Ãâ¹ßÁ¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 21¼¼±â´Â ¿¬°á°ú ¿¬´ëÀÇ ½Ã´ë°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß
Çϸç, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ±Û·Î¹ú »ç¿ì½ºÀÇ Á᫐ ÃàÀ¸·Î ºÎ»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¶°ÇÀ» °®Ãß°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°¡ °¡Áø ÀÚ¿ø, Àα¸, ±×¸®°í
âÀǼºÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î °Å´ëÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ½ÇÇöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Àü·«Àº °ú°ÅÀÇ ¸ð¹æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³»ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â »ó»ó·Â°ú ¿¬´ëÀÇ ½Çõ¿¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌÁ¦ Áß¿äÇÑ Áú¹®À» ´øÁ®¾ß ÇÒ ½ÃÁ¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¡°¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀü·«Àº ´©°¡ ¼³°èÇϴ°¡?¡± ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼ ÁÖ¾îÁø ¸ðµ¨À» ¼ö¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³»ºÎÀÇ ºñÀü, ÁÖü¼º, ±×¸®°í Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀÇÁö¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î Àü·«À» ±¸¼ºÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÔ²² ÇϰڽÀ´Ï´Ù.
°¨»çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
The End of the 20th Century Order and Africa's
Growth Strategy
KIM Heungchong (Korea
University)
Distinguished Chair, Honorable Participants,
It is my great
honor to speak today on the theme, ¡°The End of the 20th Century Order and
Africa¡¯s Growth Strategy.¡± This presentation is not merely about the chronological
closure of a century, but rather begins with a fundamental question: How can
Africa envision and design its future amidst a transforming global order?
1. Why Do I Speak of the End of the
20th Century Order?
The end of the
20th century signifies more than the passing of time—it represents the dissolution of a specific political,
economic, and ideological order. I view the essential framework of the 20th
century as having been completed in the aftermath of the Great Depression and
solidified in the post–World War II period under a U.S.-led
global system. While the Cold War brought a temporary bipolar structure, the
collapse of the communist bloc in 1990 affirmed the dominance of a Western-led
world order, which we may reasonably define as the ¡°20th century order.¡±
This order was
characterized by a rules-based
liberal international system. It rested on institutions such as the
United Nations, the IMF, and the GATT/WTO. Although global free trade was never
fully realized, it remained the ideal. Disputes were expected to be resolved
through multilateralism, particularly within the UN framework. The
international monetary and financial systems were anchored in the U.S. dollar,
and the American trade deficit functioned as the foundation for a stable and
expanding global market—an arrangement widely accepted.
However, under the
second Trump administration, we are witnessing the fundamental unraveling of
this worldview. The 20th century order is crumbling before our eyes.
Its demise, I
argue, began with the 2008 global financial crisis. Over the past 17 years of
upheaval and struggle, the order has now fully exhausted its historical
vitality. The United States, under the Trump administration, is actively
dismantling the very system it once created, boldly moving toward a new order.
Multilateralism is being rejected, and U.S. trade deficits are now interpreted
as having been the result of deception or exploitation by trading partners—especially allies. Protectionism and short-term economic
nationalism now reign, with the United States at the center.
The global economy
is transitioning into a multipolar system that is flexible yet fraught with
deep uncertainty. Africa, in this transition, remains entangled in the legacies
of colonialism, economic dependency, and externally imposed development models.
Since the 1990s,
globalization and neoliberalism have offered new opportunities but have also
entrenched structural inequality between nations and limited Africa¡¯s policy
autonomy. The rise of China, armed with formidable economic power,
technological capabilities, and a distinct development model, presents a
profound new challenge to African states. The end of the 20th century order
thus compels Africa to urgently search for a new growth strategy.
2. Africa¡¯s Structural Challenges
As the old order
collapses, Africa is confronted with both long-standing and newly emerging
structural constraints.
First, borders and
political structures imposed during colonial rule continue to obstruct social
cohesion and stable state-building. Civil conflicts, regional disputes, and
refugee crises remain unresolved.
Second, Africa¡¯s
continued dependence on commodity exports and its low share of manufacturing
have relegated many countries to the bottom of global value chains. Moreover,
the rise of China—with its unique economic structure
capable of producing everything from paper cups to the most advanced
technologies—renders traditional, wage-based
export-led development strategies increasingly untenable.
Third, the United
States' turn toward protectionism has narrowed market access, shaking the
foundations of Africa¡¯s traditional growth targets.
Fourth,
international development cooperation often treats Africa merely as a
recipient, making autonomous strategy formation difficult.
Finally, climate
change, rapid digital transformation, and the explosive growth of the youth
population present a complex array of new challenges across all sectors.
3. Toward a New Growth Strategy for
Africa
We must now break
from outdated approaches and conceive a new strategic vision. I would like to
propose five key directions.
First, regional integration must be strengthened.
The legacy of colonialism and subsequent difficulties have hindered the
formation of coherent national identities. Rather than reinforcing national
identity, the solution may lie in transcending it—creating
supranational economic units through deeper regional integration. Such
integration can provide a path to peace and prosperity by overcoming conflict
and fragmentation. In this context, the African Continental Free Trade Area
(AfCFTA) presents a critical opportunity—not merely for
market integration but for building industrial clusters and shared value
chains. Strengthening intra-African trade and industrial linkages will increase
resilience against external shocks.
Second, we need a new model of industrialization—Industrialization 2.0.
I have witnessed markets across Africa overflowing with goods from China and
Southeast Asia. Through rapid technological adoption, efficient logistics, and
agile labor reskilling, African industries must strive to compete—at least in select sectors—against these
dominant players.
Rather than
following stepwise industrialization, Africa should leapfrog into a digital and
green future. Just as mobile phones skipped over the landline era, so too can
African economies bypass internal combustion engine manufacturing and move
directly into electric, hybrid, or hydrogen vehicles. Kenya¡¯s M-Pesa mobile
banking system and Rwanda¡¯s drone-based logistics are examples of innovation
through advanced technologies. Smart agriculture, renewable energy, and fin-tech
must become core engines of African industrial growth.
Third, we must ask how sustainable market creation is possible without
relying on the United States.
GDP rankings often mislead us. If we set the U.S. nominal GDP at 100, China and
the EU each hover slightly above 60. However, when measuring final consumption—the true driver of demand and thus economic growth—China is only one-third of the U.S. market and about 56%
the size of the EU. Thus, U.S. and European markets remain crucial.
Yet the U.S.
market is closing its doors. While we strive to minimize the impacts of
American tariffs, we must also seriously contemplate a world without the United
States. Can we, together, create sustainable and inclusive markets that foster
shared prosperity?
Fourth, development cooperation must evolve into a model of technological
co-innovation.
We must move beyond the traditional donor-recipient paradigm. True partnerships
involve co-designing and co-sharing technologies and knowledge. Countries like
Korea, India, and Brazil can serve as critical partners in this endeavor,
enabling Africa to retain strategic autonomy and leadership.
Fifth, a youth-centered strategy is essential.
Over 60% of Africa¡¯s population is under 25. This is not only a challenge—it is a unique and powerful opportunity that no other
continent enjoys. When I first set foot in Africa in 2001, most of today¡¯s
African population had not yet been born or were just children. Africa¡¯s face
has changed.
We must invest in
the youth by providing targeted education, support for startups, and jobs
through digital platforms. In doing so, we can harness the dynamism and
creativity that will shape the future of the continent.
4. Who Will Design Africa¡¯s Future?
The end of the
20th century order marks the beginning of the end of dependency. The 21st
century must be an era of connection and solidarity—and Africa stands poised to become a central pillar of
the Global South.
Africa¡¯s
resources, its population, and its creativity are vast sources of potential.
But this potential cannot be realized through imitation of the past. It must be
built upon imagination and solidarity arising from within.
Now, it is time to
ask the essential question: ¡°Who will design Africa¡¯s growth strategy?¡±
No longer should
strategies be imposed from the outside. Africa¡¯s future must be designed
through its own vision, agency, and political will.
We are ready to walk alongside you.
Thank you.
|